Hasan Muslemani

OIES-KAPSARC Senior Research Fellow & Head of Carbon Management Research

Hasan has a multinational background and a career spanning multiple disciplines, including carbon markets, natural sciences and climate and energy policy. He holds a PhD in Carbon Finance from the University of Edinburgh Business School, where his research focused on designing business models for breakthrough low-carbon technologies in steelmaking, in particular carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) technology, to bring ‘green steel’ products to the market. He also holds an MSc in Carbon Finance and an MSc in Oceanography, on the back of a BSc in Biology with focus on marine sciences.

At OIES, Hasan leads the Carbon Management research module within the Energy Transition Research Initiative (ETRI), where the module appraises business cases and the potential for CCUS in the power and industrial sectors (e.g. cement, steel and energy-from-waste) and explores topics and case studies relevant to the most promising carbon removal and negative emission technologies including tech-based ones (e.g. Direct Air Capture) and nature-based solutions.

Hasan had previously taken up several roles in climate and energy consultancy and academic and industry research. In academia, He served as a lecturer and module lead at University College London (UCL) and the University of Edinburgh, delivering postgraduate courses on energy finance and policy, and energy and environmental markets. He has also taken up EU-funded research fellowships at ESADE Business School in Barcelona and at Edinburgh. He has played a key part in securing a number of partnership grants with international institutions focused on CCUS research, including BHP Billiton, the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO), Peking University and Shanghai Jiao Tong University in China, and the University of Waterloo, Canada. Hasan also served as a consultant to overseas governments and organisations, particularly in China and Southeast Asia, including delivering reports on the financial viability of CCUS to the World Bank and Asian Development Bank. Most recently, he served as a carbon removals scientist at BeZero Carbon, focusing on developing and implementing a carbon credits rating framework to provide transparency over the quality of carbon offsets in the voluntary carbon market.

Along his OIES publications, Hasan has published a number of journal articles on CCS and green steel, and is a member of various associations including the British Institute of Energy Economics (BIEE), the International Association for Energy Economics (IAEE), and the European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists (EARE).

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                    [post_content] => Steelmaking is one of the two largest industrial contributors to climate change, accounting for 7-9% of global CO2 emissions. To achieve drastic emission reduction in the steel sector, integrating breakthrough low-carbon technologies such as carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology and hydrogen (H2) solutions become necessary. However, the applicability of both solutions and their potential for lowering emissions hinges on several technical, economic and political factors. This paper sheds light on these factors and discusses the green steel ‘premium’ and which industries are likely to become early adopters of green steel products. This work also highlights the different forms of competition that greener steels would be subject to in the market, including implications on global trade, and how governments and the private sector can help mobilize investment into these solutions.
                    [post_title] => Stainless Green: Considerations for making green steel using carbon capture and storage (CCS) and hydrogen (H2) solutions
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                    [post_content] => Canada’s position as a global leader in oil and gas production, as well as a proponent of emissions reduction, has led to significant support for the commercialization of carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) technology. Viewed as the best way to reduce emissions from heavy industry, CCUS can also enable the value chain for technologies like direct air capture (DAC) which are seen as the future of carbon capture. Successful CCUS projects such as Shell’s Quest and the Alberta Carbon Trunk Line have demonstrated that the operational expertise exists in Canada. To support the broad adoption of this technology, the government has introduced two fiscal and regulatory levers – carbon pricing and a CCUS investment tax credit (ITC).

Federal output-based pricing system (OBPS) for carbon, introduced in 2018, will see the cost of CO2 escalate from CA$65/tCO2e in 2023 to CA$170/tCO2e by 2030. Despite some structural differences, there has been strong alignment on carbon pricing and CCUS incentives at the provincial and federal levels. In the province of Alberta, the likely hub of CCUS activity in Canada, the TIER regulation for industrial emitters has been deemed sufficient to avoid the federal large emitter program being applied as a backstop. On the other end of the carrot-stick dynamic, the ITC provides a rebate – approximately 20-30% – of project costs associated with CCUS implementation. The formation of the Pathways Alliance reflects the oilsands sector’s trend towards collaboration as a way of supporting the sector’s economic future. If successful, the alliance will see sharing of common costs like transportation and storage, thus reducing the risk for individual facilities and driving down the levelized cost of CCUS.

The ITC in combination with carbon pricing provides enough of an incentive for firms to deploy CCUS. It may not be as lucrative for investors as the 45Q tax credit in the United States, but it does offer long-term value to heavy emitters when avoided costs of carbon are considered. To sustain momentum and ensure project delivery, additional economic levers may need to be pulled to narrow the investment gap. More importantly, it is crucial that federal and provincial governments offer carbon price certainty, for example through carbon contracts for differences (CCfDs). In addition, whether through programs like TIER or the federal OBPS, tightening rates and the expiry term for offsets and credits may need to be adjusted as required to balance supply and demand. With the government’s carbon management strategy about to be released, there is CCUS momentum in Canada – delivering on it will require continued collaboration, project excellence and consistent fiscal and regulatory frameworks.
                    [post_title] => Scaling CCUS in Canada: An Assessment of Fiscal and Regulatory Frameworks
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                    [post_content] => Waste-to-energy (WtE) is a waste treatment process that incinerates waste to produce energy in the form of electricity and/or heat. WtE is considered one of the most environmentally-friendly methods of dealing with residual waste. The alternative to this process is waste dumping or landfilling, both of which lead to long-term adverse impacts on the environment. The capture of CO2 from WtE plants has received increasing attention over the past decade. Particularly, waste contains a substantial amount of biogenic carbon content (i.e., carbon which is naturally part of the carbon cycle), the capture and permanent removal of which leads to ‘negative emissions’. Considering the important role of carbon-negative solutions in achieving ambitious decarbonisation goals, retrofitting WtE plants with carbon capture and storage (CCS) will be a major starting point.

This study assesses the potential for generating negative emissions from the European WtE fleet by assessing its retrofitability with CCS based on a number of criteria: i) an acceptable distance for CO2 transport between WtE plants and CCS clusters, hubs and CO2 storage sites, ii) availability of on-site space for CCS retrofit at the plant level, and iii) an appropriate plant size to ensure that CO2 capture is economically viable. Results show that if the entire existing European WtE fleet was retrofitted with CCS (around 100Mt of installed capacity), negative emissions in the range of -50.5 to - 70.6 MtCO2 can be generated per year. When CCS limitations are taken into account, these estimates are naturally reduced, with an achievable range between -20 to -30 MtCO2/a. Note that if waste that is currently mismanaged and/or is going to landfill is instead redirected towards WtE+CCS, higher negative emissions can be captured depending on the evolution of future waste management policies in Europe.
                    [post_title] => Waste Not, Want Not: Europe’s untapped potential to generate valuable negative emissions from waste-to-energy (WtE) using carbon capture technology
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                    [post_content] => If two different jurisdictions are involved in the Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) chain, CO2 handling needs to be harmonized across borders and interface issues should be resolved (e.g. technical and operational standards, certification, transfer of ownership and risk, etc.). Similar to the imbalance which exists between the demand for fossil fuels between importing and exporting countries, suitable geological formations for CO2 storage may not exist in the highest-emitting countries, which calls for a need to export CO2 to countries with more suitable storage sites. It may also be in the interest of fossil fuel exporting countries to help their customers to dispose of CO2 stemming from imported hydrocarbons, as importing countries may have no other option due to the lack of sequestration potential (e.g. Japan). This will involve exporting and importing of CO2 across borders, relying on offshore transport by ships or via pipelines in most cases. Thus far, such examples include the transport of CO2 by onshore pipelines from the Boundary Dam project in Canada to the Weyburn project in the US, and the upcoming Longship project which envisages cross-border transport of CO2 via shipping from the UK and EU countries to Norway. All other projects so far have been within one jurisdiction. However, most recently (August 2022), Northern Lights signed a first-of-its-kind commercial agreement for cross-border CO2 capture and transport, where, from 2025, CO2 will be captured, compressed and liquified in the Netherlands, to be transported and stored in Norway. It is expected that other similar ventures will be established, making the publication of this study all the more timely.

This paper appraises a specific case study of cross-border CO2 transport from Germany to Norway. It is argued that the opportunity offered by Norway to sequester large volumes of CO2 under its shelf in the North Sea is one that Germany should use to meet its ambitious net-zero goal for 2045. While the infrastructure needed on both sides requires vast investments, coordination and regulatory and legal efforts, endeavours of comparable scale have been achieved by cooperation between both countries in the past such as the successful development of the Troll gas export project and the infrastructure linked to it both offshore and onshore and the development of its market in less than 20 years. One important conclusion is the need to develop a joint vision on the necessary development in the short time (and the limited size of the CO2 budget) left, and to create procedures and institutions needed for cooperation and coordination.
                    [post_title] => Cross-border cooperation on CO2 transport and sequestration: The case of Germany and Norway
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                    [post_content] => This paper aims to examine consumer behaviour towards, and the willingness to adopt, ‘green steel’ in the automotive sector. Semi-structured interviews were held with experts from global, regional and country-specific industry associations and automakers. This paper appraises potential demand for green steel within different vehicle types (based both on size and powertrain) and shows that manufacturers of electric heavy-duty vehicles are most likely to be the first adopters of green steel. A case for green advanced higher-strength steels (AHSS) can also be made in light-duty passenger vehicles, which may mitigate competition from alternative lightweight materials in terms of cost and greenness (depending on source and utilization regions). This work emphasizes a need to revisit current CO2 performance regulations, engage in educational green marketing campaigns, and explore innovative market-based mechanisms to bridge the gap between relatively-low carbon abatement costs of steelmaking and high abatement costs of vehicle manufacturing.
                    [post_title] => Steeling the race: ‘Green steel’ as the new clean material in the automotive sector
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Latest Publications by Hasan Muslemani