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Reformulated Gasoline, Lessons from America
Contents
- Introduction
- The Background to the Reformulated Gasoline Programme
The Demand for Cleaner Air
Objectives
Compositional Requirements
The Composition of Phase One Reformulated Gasoline
Associated Conventional Gasoline Specifications
- Enforcement Provisions of the Reformulated Gasoline Programme
Introduction
Refiner Options
Tradeable Credits
Testing
The Ethanol Provision
Matching the Supply of and Demand for Reformulated Gasoline
- Expectations
Introduction
Costs
Supplies
Logistics
Markets
Conclusion
- Experience
Introduction
Supplies
Cost
Logistical Constraints and Markets
Refiner Profitability
Conclusion
- Why?
Introduction
The Political Context
Industry Flexibility
The Short-Term Outlook 1995-7
The Medium Term Outlook 1998-9
- The Political Dimensions of the Reformulated Gasoline Programme
Introduction
Reformulated Gasoline and the ‘Contract with America’
Emerging Issues
Concluding Remarks